Street soccer player
FIFA系列（FIFA Series）是一個非常流行的足球類視頻遊戲，這款遊戲由美商藝電(中國大陸翻譯為電子藝界)旗下的EA Sports發行。自1993年末發行第一個版本《FIFA 94》以來，EA Sports每年都會在歐洲各國聯賽開始前發行新版本，逢有世界盃和歐錦賽的年份，還會發行世界盃和歐錦賽遊戲。與EA Sports的其他遊戲，如NFL系列和NHL系列等不同的是，FIFA系列是它所在的遊戲領域的後來者，《FIFA 94》剛發行時，足球遊戲市場中已經有了Sensible Soccer，Kick Off和Matchday Soccer等自1980年代後期就開始佔據市場的知名遊戲。不過在此時，EA Sports已經意識到了FIFA系列將會成為他們的又一個搖錢樹。
利物浦對南華－懷斯炮彈式罰球！
2007-07-24，利物浦對南華，懷斯炮彈式罰球，一比零。
利物浦（英語：Liverpool）是英格蘭西北部的一個著名港口城市，是默西河畔都市郡的5個自治市之一，由利物浦市議會治理，2002年市內人口441,477人，而整個默西河畔都市區的人口共有1,362,026人。
昔日利物浦市是英國著名的製造業中心，今日該市雖然已經失去了大部分製造業基礎，仍是英格蘭的核心城市之一。該市最為著名的是音樂（披頭四樂隊）與足球（有兩支參加英超聯的球會——愛華頓和利物浦）。
目錄
[隱藏]
* 1 地理
* 2 人口
* 3 經濟
* 4 文化
* 5 體育
* 6 重要標誌和建築
o 6.1 劇院
o 6.2 宗教場所
* 7 參見
* 8 友好城市
* 9 外部連結
[編輯] 地理
利物浦位於英格蘭西北部，默西河口的東岸，市中心距離愛爾蘭海大約5英里。利物浦的地形起伏不平，穿越一條山脊，最高處是海拔高70米的埃弗頓山。
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[編輯] 人口
2002年，利物浦市內人口441,477人，而整個默西河畔都市區的人口共有1,362,026人。
種族構成：白人占94.3%；南亞裔占1.1%；黑人占1.2%；華人占1.2%。
[編輯] 經濟
利物浦港务大厦前的利物浦欧洲文化之都2008旗帜
利物浦港務大廈前的利物浦歐洲文化之都2008旗幟
利物浦經濟已從二次大戰後的長期衰落中得到恢復。1995年到2001年已錄得全年6.3%的增長。這與其他城市比較會較明顯：內倫敦是5.8%，布裡斯托是5.7%。1998年-2002年職位增長率9.2%，同期全國平均4.9%。
和英國其他城市一樣，這裏的服務業有了巨大的發展，它擁有數家大型顧客服務中心，而部分港口亦改作通訊設施。
旅遊業也是利物浦市經濟支柱，配備了大量高品質服務如旅館、餐廳和俱樂部。利物浦的建築不僅吸引了遊客，還引來了電影製片人到此取景。
[編輯] 文化
利物浦擁有多項高品質文化，不論在音樂、繪畫、建築等都有長足成就。2003年，利物浦獲推選為利物浦歐洲文化之都2008，確認了利物浦文化之都之地位。
[編輯] 體育
利物浦有兩支參加英超聯的球會：愛華頓（Everton FC）和利物浦（Liverpool FC）。兩支英超勁旅都相當成功，愛華頓贏過九次聯賽冠軍和英格蘭足總杯5次。利物浦則贏過十八次聯賽冠軍和英格蘭足總杯6次，以及5次歐洲冠軍杯。
[編輯] 重要標誌和建築
利物浦河滨夜景
利物浦河濱夜景
水街上的皇家利物大厦塔楼和市政厅
水街上的皇家利物大廈塔樓和市政廳
超级羔羊香蕉，阿尔伯特船坞的著名雕塑，最近被移走
超級羔羊香蕉，阿爾伯特船塢的著名雕塑，最近被移走
利物浦市內共有超過2,500座的知名建築，佷多都是建於十八世紀晚期。其中2004年利物浦的河濱區被聯合國教科文組織列為世界遺產，理由是利物浦在世界貿易體系發展中的重要性和船塢技術。
利物浦擁有世界最大的一組彩色玻璃(在利物浦都主教座堂)，世界最大的紅磚建築，和世界第一個包圍式組合船塢體系。聖公會大教堂有世界最長的教堂正廳、最大的風琴。
* 阿爾伯特船塢
* 藍衣藝術中心
* 鑄鐵商店
* Cunard 大廈
* 菩提樹大街車站
* 皇家利物大廈
* 利物浦約翰穆爾斯大學
* 利物浦熱帶醫學學校
* 利物浦大學
* 默西河畔海洋博物館
* 利物浦生活博物館
* Oriel 套間，Peter Ellis設計.
* 愛樂餐廳
* Pier Head
* 利物浦港務大廈
* Quiggins
* 聖喬治大廳
* 斯坦利船塢煙草倉庫
* 披頭士Story
* 利物浦市政廳
* 沃克藝術畫廊
* 惠靈頓圓柱
* 威廉布朗圖書館
* 威廉姆森隧道
[編輯] 劇院
* 帝國劇院
* 普通人戲院
* 海王星劇院
* 愛樂音樂廳
* The Playhouse
* 皇家庭院
* 聯合劇院
[編輯] 宗教場所
利物浦最重要的宗教建築當然是英國國教聖公會的利物浦座堂。
* 希臘東正教會聖尼古拉教堂
* Gustav Adolfus Kyrka 瑞典海員的教堂。
* 羅馬天主教的利物浦基督君王都主教座堂
* 王子路猶太會堂
* 聖路加教堂
* 聖母和聖尼古拉教堂海員教堂和利物浦 parish 教堂.
十分精彩的錯失入球
足球是一項隊際球類運動或比賽，由兩隊各派11名隊員參與，互相在長方形的草地球場上對抗、進攻的球類運動，每隊最多共有10名球員及1名守門員出場比賽。比賽目的是盡量將足球射入對方的球門，每射入一球才得到一分，當比賽完畢後，得分最多的一隊則代表勝出。如果在比賽法定時間內得分相同，則須看比賽章則而定，可以抽籤、加時再賽或互射十二碼罰球等形式比賽分高下。足球比賽中除了守門員可以在禁區內利用手部接觸足球外，球場上每名球員只可以利用手以外的身體其他部分控制足球（界外球例外）。
現代足球運動是世界公認為起源於英國的，亦是世界上最受歡迎的體育運動之一。也是當今世界上開展最廣、影響最大的體育項目之一，被稱為「世界第一運動」。甚至因其豐富的內涵和感染力被視作一門藝術[1]。
在英語中，「足球」一詞隨著地域與時代不同，用詞也不同。在英國，足球稱作「football」或詳細的「association football」（中文也有時也因此稱為「英式足球」），該詞的使用被國際足聯認可。而美式英語中所稱的「football」則是指「美式足球」（American football），亦稱「美式橄欖球」；「足球」在北美則被稱為「Soccer」[2]。
目錄
[隱藏]
* 1 歷史
* 2 常見技戰術
o 2.1 基本技術
o 2.2 比賽戰術
* 3 足球協會
* 4 足球比賽
* 5 足球裝備
* 6 職業足球
* 7 球星
* 8 球迷
* 9 足球題材的作品
o 9.1 電腦遊戲
o 9.2 電影
o 9.3 電視劇
o 9.4 動漫
* 10 參見
* 11 參考文獻
* 12 外部連結
[編輯] 歷史
1872年英格兰与苏格兰队之间的比赛的新闻插图
1872年英格蘭與蘇格蘭隊之間的比賽的新聞插圖
關於足球運動的起源，一直眾說紛紜。有人認為足球起源於中國，到後來才傳到歐洲。但是更多人認為[來源請求]它是起源於中世紀時英國的一些農村。據史料記載[來源請求]，476年英國就已經有了類似現代足球的運動。
2004年初，經專家、學者的考證和國際足總的確認[3]，足球最早起源地應是中國，古代中國的蹴鞠就是現今足球運動的雛形。最早確切可信的文字記載這項運動者，當屬《戰國策》和司馬遷的《史記》，當時它以具有軍事性和娛樂性兩種面貌的活動而被記錄下來。其後經過改良令蹴鞠慢慢普及，到了隋唐時代蹴鞠和佛教一起傳到了日本，今日韓語及日語中仍可見稱足球為蹴球的用法，便是受到中國的影響。
現代足球
現代足球運動公認為起源於19世紀中期的英國。最早的職業聯賽也在同地開始。1863年10月26日，世界上第一個正式的足球組織英格蘭足球協會在倫敦成立。此後，足球運動在全球廣泛傳播。而現代足球運動的比賽章則，皆基於當時的英格蘭足球協會比賽章則演化而成。1863年10月26日這一天也被作為現代足球運動的誕生日。
目前，歐洲與南美洲被公認為足球水準最高的兩大洲，主要的足球強國都集中在這兩個洲。也因此形成了兩大足球流派：歐洲足球流派和南美洲足球流派。歐洲足球流派技術簡練實用，注重配合，個人素質上力量強，速度快，作風硬朗，以英國（英格蘭）、德國、義大利、法國、荷蘭等為代表。南美洲足球流派則講究個人技術，注重短傳配合和個人突破，以巴西、烏拉圭、阿根廷等為代表。
足球运动在世界各地区的流行程度
足球運動在世界各地區的流行程度[4]
[編輯] 常見技戰術
[編輯] 基本技術
名稱 內容
踢球 用腳內側、腳背正面、腳背內側與外側、腳尖、腳跟傳球、射門
接球和控球 用腳部、胸部、腹部、大腿、頭部
頭槌 前額正面、側面（原地、助跑、跳躍、魚躍）
搶球 正面、側面；倒地鏟球，截球
運球過人 腳背正面、內側、外側等的運球；各種過人技巧
界外球 原地擲球，助跑擲球
顛球 用頭部、肩部、大腿、腳等
[編輯] 比賽戰術
足球比賽時常見的戰術有：
個人戰術
* 進攻：跑位、傳球、運球過人
* 防守：選位、盯人
集體戰術
* 進攻：2過1配合，三打二配合、切入、插上
* 防守：補位、圍搶、造越位
成隊戰術
* 進攻：邊線進攻、中間進攻、快速反擊
* 防守：區域防守、人盯人防守、混合防守
定位球戰術：
* 一腳射門、戰術射門
比賽陣形：
* WM陣形、4-2-4陣形、4-3-3陣形、4-4-2陣形、4-5-1陣形、3-5-2陣形等。
[編輯] 足球協會
足球協會也稱「足球聯合會」，一般是管理足球球員紀律，球員轉會還有比賽籌辦，聯賽組織的機構。現時管理全球各地足球運動的組織是國際足球聯合會（FIFA），總部設於瑞士蘇黎世。並且每四年舉辦一屆世界盃足球賽，是世界球壇盛事之一。
國際足總由六個地區性足球協會組成，他們分別管轄世界六大洲的足球事務：
* 亞洲 — 亞洲足球聯合會（AFC）
* 非洲 — 非洲足球協會（CAF）
* 南美洲 — 南美洲足球協會（CONMEBOL）
* 中北美洲及加勒比海地區 — 中北美洲及加勒比海足球協會（CONCACAF）
* 大洋洲 — 大洋洲足球協會（OFC）
* 歐洲 — 歐洲足球協會（UEFA）
此外，大部分國家也有自己本國的足球協會。
[編輯] 足球比賽
主條目：足球比賽
巴西国家足球队在2004年的一场比赛中
巴西國家足球隊在2004年的一場比賽中
各種足球比賽里，最有影響力的是世界盃足球賽，每四年舉辦一屆，1930年由烏拉圭開始舉辦第一屆，因為二戰停辦了兩屆，從1950年開始到現在一直沒有間斷過。成績最好的是參賽次數最多（共18次）的國家隊巴西國家足球隊共五次冠軍，2006年世界盃足球賽的冠軍義大利國家足球隊，共獲得四次冠軍，而德國國家足球隊（聯邦德國）共獲得三次冠軍，阿根廷、烏拉圭各獲得兩次冠軍，英國、法國各一次。
其他的國際性賽事如奧運會足球比賽則是奧林匹克運動會的比賽項目中資格最老的項目之一。洲際的比賽則以歐洲足球錦標賽的水準最高，影響最大。
很多國家每年在本國內還有各種足球俱樂部之間的足球聯賽。其中義大利足球甲級聯賽由於開辦時間久，有上百年歷史，球隊引進外國球員沒有較多的限制，從而吸引了各國頂級球員加盟，有「小世界盃」之稱。俱樂部對陣最為精彩的要屬同城德比，在同一座城市下，有兩支不同球隊競爭，比賽的激烈程度非常高。著名的有米蘭德比，AC米蘭與國際米蘭。巴塞隆納與皇家馬德里的比賽也被稱為西班牙「國家德比」。
此外，各國俱樂部之間也有比賽，例如每年舉行一次的豐田杯足球賽，參加比賽的是當年度歐洲俱樂部冠軍和南美解放者杯冠軍，現時賽事己改為世界冠軍球會盃，並且邀請全球六大洲的冠軍球會參與，令賽事更具國際化。
[編輯] 足球裝備
足球
足球
比賽用球
在足球比賽初期的條例沒有規限足球的大小輕重，只要是圓球形即可。直到19世紀70年代開始作出規定，圓球的周長需在69-74厘米之間。
世界盃專用球指定由德國的阿迪達斯公司提供設計，2002年世界盃2006年世界盃的專用球的中文譯名分別為飛火流星（Fevernova）和團隊之星（+Teamgeist™，英文為team spirit，解作團隊精神）
[編輯] 職業足球
隨著足球俱樂部的興起，足球開始走向職業化和專業化。許多球員也變成了職業足球運動員，踢球成了謀生的一種手段。歐洲和南美洲是世界上足球職業化程度最高的地區。
[編輯] 球星
球场上的贝克汉姆
球場上的貝克漢姆
著名的足球運動員有時代表著一個足球時代，或者是一個國家足球的象徵，如荷蘭國家足球隊的約翰·克魯伊夫代表著「全攻全守」足球打法的一個時代，義大利國家足球隊的迪諾·佐夫代表著「鋼筋混凝土式防守」打法興起的一個時代。往往一個球隊因為擁有他們而所向披靡，因為失去他們而消沉。
而巴西國家足球隊的比利又被認為是「第一代球王」，阿根廷國家足球隊的馬拉多納被認為是「第二代球王」，法國的齊達內與巴西的羅納爾多同為三次世界足球先生頭銜得主，也被一些球迷認為是「第三代球王」。著名足球運動員，特別是中場核心，全場球隊的組織者，一般都身穿10號球衣，如比利、馬拉多納、貝肯鮑爾、濟科等。
除了有嫻熟的球技可以稱為球星外，也有因為長的帥在時尚界出名引領世界時尚潮流的球星，如英國足球運動員大衛·貝克漢，他的精準的傳球與能夠直接破門的自由球功夫雖然是他出名的最主要因素，但由於外表英俊，他在世界各地擁有著不少專門追星的「明星迷」追隨者，引領髮型潮流。小貝還接拍了兩部電影《一球成名》和《我愛貝克漢姆》（《像貝克漢姆一樣出色》(Bend It Like Beckham)）。雖小貝轉戰美國，不過小貝稱自己對拍戲沒什麼天賦[1]，不會加入影城好萊塢。
[編輯] 球迷
狂热的球迷
狂熱的球迷
足球運動如此的受歡迎，與球迷的狂熱分不開。當有自己喜愛的球隊參加比賽時，足球迷會穿上球隊的服裝當場助威，甚至臉上塗上油彩。甚而有發生因為過分激動而死於看臺之上的例子。
然而，一些個別球迷的行徑導致暴力的發生，這些人被稱為足球流氓。他們的一些行為甚至造成了一些慘劇的發生。
一個越幫越忙的足球軍醫
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軍醫、醫官、衛生兵、醫務員是受過訓練的輔助士兵，主要責任是供應急救處理與戰場前線創傷護理。當專業醫師不在時，軍醫也負責提供複雜一點的醫療。軍醫一般於作戰部隊同行，幫助立刻救急與監測兵員的長期衛生與健康。
軍醫在不同國家的部隊里有所官方的特別名稱。在美國陸軍，軍醫在2005年12月之後常被稱為「68W」。在美國海軍和美國海軍陸戰隊里，他們常被成為「Corpsmen」（醫務員）。英國陸軍里，軍醫被稱為作戰醫療技術員，他們是皇家陸軍醫療團的成員。
在大多國家的軍隊里，軍醫穿特別的臂章顯示明顯的紅十字標誌。伊斯蘭國家的軍隊用紅新月。（其它標誌參見紅十字會條目。）這些標誌告訴敵兵，此者是軍醫，供應醫療的非戰鬥人員。許多年來，大多的軍醫都攜帶著最少附帶武器如手槍和匕首。現在，常見的防衛武器是非全自動的步槍、卡賓槍或衝鋒槍。軍醫可以裝備武器，但是一般只可以用來保護自己或傷員。如果他們使用武器來進攻（如攻擊或突擊）或攜帶進攻性武器（如狙擊步槍、機關槍和擲彈筒），他們失去了《日內瓦公約》的保護。通常，如果軍醫手持著他的武器，就屬於有軍事威脅兵員。按照《日內瓦公約》，故意地向無威脅的軍醫開火是一種戰爭罪。
[編輯] 歷史
《日內瓦公約》簽署的1949年之前，二戰時的歐洲戰區里，同盟國與德國部隊有一種不成文的禮節，雙方的士兵都不故意向正在救急的軍醫開火。此禮節，戰後引入了《日內瓦公約》。在太平洋戰區里，這是截然相反的。日軍的政策把軍醫設立為主要目標，這造成同盟國軍醫脫掉他們的臂章。英文軍醫俗稱「medic」。為了迷糊日軍，美軍當時常用其它代替稱呼來招呼軍醫。
神奇的足球踢法
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知不知道這球有什麼特別？
足球是一項隊際球類運動或比賽，由兩隊各派11名隊員參與，互相在長方形的草地球場上對抗、進攻的球類運動，每隊最多共有10名球員及1名守門員出場比賽。比賽目的是盡量將足球射入對方的球門，每射入一球才得到一分，當比賽完畢後，得分最多的一隊則代表勝出。如果在比賽法定時間內得分相同，則須看比賽章則而定，可以抽籤、加時再賽或互射十二碼罰球等形式比賽分高下。足球比賽中除了守門員可以在禁區內利用手部接觸足球外，球場上每名球員只可以利用手以外的身體其他部分控制足球（界外球例外）。
現代足球運動是世界公認為起源於英國的，亦是世界上最受歡迎的體育運動之一。也是當今世界上開展最廣、影響最大的體育項目之一，被稱為「世界第一運動」。甚至因其豐富的內涵和感染力被視作一門藝術[1]。
在英語中，「足球」一詞隨著地域與時代不同，用詞也不同。在英國，足球稱作「football」或詳細的「association football」（中文也有時也因此稱為「英式足球」），該詞的使用被國際足聯認可。而美式英語中所稱的「football」則是指「美式足球」（American football），亦稱「美式橄欖球」；「足球」在北美則被稱為「Soccer」[2]。
目錄
[隱藏]
* 1 歷史
* 2 常見技戰術
o 2.1 基本技術
o 2.2 比賽戰術
* 3 足球協會
* 4 足球比賽
* 5 足球裝備
* 6 職業足球
* 7 球星
* 8 球迷
* 9 足球題材的作品
o 9.1 電腦遊戲
o 9.2 電影
o 9.3 電視劇
o 9.4 動漫
* 10 參見
* 11 參考文獻
* 12 外部連結
[編輯] 歷史
1872年英格兰与苏格兰队之间的比赛的新闻插图
1872年英格蘭與蘇格蘭隊之間的比賽的新聞插圖
關於足球運動的起源，一直眾說紛紜。有人認為足球起源於中國，到後來才傳到歐洲。但是更多人認為[來源請求]它是起源於中世紀時英國的一些農村。據史料記載[來源請求]，476年英國就已經有了類似現代足球的運動。
2004年初，經專家、學者的考證和國際足總的確認[3]，足球最早起源地應是中國，古代中國的蹴鞠就是現今足球運動的雛形。最早確切可信的文字記載這項運動者，當屬《戰國策》和司馬遷的《史記》，當時它以具有軍事性和娛樂性兩種面貌的活動而被記錄下來。其後經過改良令蹴鞠慢慢普及，到了隋唐時代蹴鞠和佛教一起傳到了日本，今日韓語及日語中仍可見稱足球為蹴球的用法，便是受到中國的影響。
現代足球
現代足球運動公認為起源於19世紀中期的英國。最早的職業聯賽也在同地開始。1863年10月26日，世界上第一個正式的足球組織英格蘭足球協會在倫敦成立。此後，足球運動在全球廣泛傳播。而現代足球運動的比賽章則，皆基於當時的英格蘭足球協會比賽章則演化而成。1863年10月26日這一天也被作為現代足球運動的誕生日。
目前，歐洲與南美洲被公認為足球水準最高的兩大洲，主要的足球強國都集中在這兩個洲。也因此形成了兩大足球流派：歐洲足球流派和南美洲足球流派。歐洲足球流派技術簡練實用，注重配合，個人素質上力量強，速度快，作風硬朗，以英國（英格蘭）、德國、義大利、法國、荷蘭等為代表。南美洲足球流派則講究個人技術，注重短傳配合和個人突破，以巴西、烏拉圭、阿根廷等為代表。
足球运动在世界各地区的流行程度
足球運動在世界各地區的流行程度[4]
[編輯] 常見技戰術
[編輯] 基本技術
名稱 內容
踢球 用腳內側、腳背正面、腳背內側與外側、腳尖、腳跟傳球、射門
接球和控球 用腳部、胸部、腹部、大腿、頭部
頭槌 前額正面、側面（原地、助跑、跳躍、魚躍）
搶球 正面、側面；倒地鏟球，截球
運球過人 腳背正面、內側、外側等的運球；各種過人技巧
界外球 原地擲球，助跑擲球
顛球 用頭部、肩部、大腿、腳等
[編輯] 比賽戰術
足球比賽時常見的戰術有：
個人戰術
* 進攻：跑位、傳球、運球過人
* 防守：選位、盯人
集體戰術
* 進攻：2過1配合，三打二配合、切入、插上
* 防守：補位、圍搶、造越位
成隊戰術
* 進攻：邊線進攻、中間進攻、快速反擊
* 防守：區域防守、人盯人防守、混合防守
定位球戰術：
* 一腳射門、戰術射門
比賽陣形：
* WM陣形、4-2-4陣形、4-3-3陣形、4-4-2陣形、4-5-1陣形、3-5-2陣形等。
[編輯] 足球協會
足球協會也稱「足球聯合會」，一般是管理足球球員紀律，球員轉會還有比賽籌辦，聯賽組織的機構。現時管理全球各地足球運動的組織是國際足球聯合會（FIFA），總部設於瑞士蘇黎世。並且每四年舉辦一屆世界盃足球賽，是世界球壇盛事之一。
國際足總由六個地區性足球協會組成，他們分別管轄世界六大洲的足球事務：
* 亞洲 — 亞洲足球聯合會（AFC）
* 非洲 — 非洲足球協會（CAF）
* 南美洲 — 南美洲足球協會（CONMEBOL）
* 中北美洲及加勒比海地區 — 中北美洲及加勒比海足球協會（CONCACAF）
* 大洋洲 — 大洋洲足球協會（OFC）
* 歐洲 — 歐洲足球協會（UEFA）
此外，大部分國家也有自己本國的足球協會。
[編輯] 足球比賽
主條目：足球比賽
巴西国家足球队在2004年的一场比赛中
巴西國家足球隊在2004年的一場比賽中
各種足球比賽里，最有影響力的是世界盃足球賽，每四年舉辦一屆，1930年由烏拉圭開始舉辦第一屆，因為二戰停辦了兩屆，從1950年開始到現在一直沒有間斷過。成績最好的是參賽次數最多（共18次）的國家隊巴西國家足球隊共五次冠軍，2006年世界盃足球賽的冠軍義大利國家足球隊，共獲得四次冠軍，而德國國家足球隊（聯邦德國）共獲得三次冠軍，阿根廷、烏拉圭各獲得兩次冠軍，英國、法國各一次。
其他的國際性賽事如奧運會足球比賽則是奧林匹克運動會的比賽項目中資格最老的項目之一。洲際的比賽則以歐洲足球錦標賽的水準最高，影響最大。
很多國家每年在本國內還有各種足球俱樂部之間的足球聯賽。其中義大利足球甲級聯賽由於開辦時間久，有上百年歷史，球隊引進外國球員沒有較多的限制，從而吸引了各國頂級球員加盟，有「小世界盃」之稱。俱樂部對陣最為精彩的要屬同城德比，在同一座城市下，有兩支不同球隊競爭，比賽的激烈程度非常高。著名的有米蘭德比，AC米蘭與國際米蘭。巴塞隆納與皇家馬德里的比賽也被稱為西班牙「國家德比」。
此外，各國俱樂部之間也有比賽，例如每年舉行一次的豐田杯足球賽，參加比賽的是當年度歐洲俱樂部冠軍和南美解放者杯冠軍，現時賽事己改為世界冠軍球會盃，並且邀請全球六大洲的冠軍球會參與，令賽事更具國際化。
[編輯] 足球裝備
足球
足球
比賽用球
在足球比賽初期的條例沒有規限足球的大小輕重，只要是圓球形即可。直到19世紀70年代開始作出規定，圓球的周長需在69-74厘米之間。
世界盃專用球指定由德國的阿迪達斯公司提供設計，2002年世界盃2006年世界盃的專用球的中文譯名分別為飛火流星（Fevernova）和團隊之星（+Teamgeist™，英文為team spirit，解作團隊精神）
[編輯] 職業足球
隨著足球俱樂部的興起，足球開始走向職業化和專業化。許多球員也變成了職業足球運動員，踢球成了謀生的一種手段。歐洲和南美洲是世界上足球職業化程度最高的地區。
[編輯] 球星
球场上的贝克汉姆
球場上的貝克漢姆
著名的足球運動員有時代表著一個足球時代，或者是一個國家足球的象徵，如荷蘭國家足球隊的約翰·克魯伊夫代表著「全攻全守」足球打法的一個時代，義大利國家足球隊的迪諾·佐夫代表著「鋼筋混凝土式防守」打法興起的一個時代。往往一個球隊因為擁有他們而所向披靡，因為失去他們而消沉。
而巴西國家足球隊的比利又被認為是「第一代球王」，阿根廷國家足球隊的馬拉多納被認為是「第二代球王」，法國的齊達內與巴西的羅納爾多同為三次世界足球先生頭銜得主，也被一些球迷認為是「第三代球王」。著名足球運動員，特別是中場核心，全場球隊的組織者，一般都身穿10號球衣，如比利、馬拉多納、貝肯鮑爾、濟科等。
除了有嫻熟的球技可以稱為球星外，也有因為長的帥在時尚界出名引領世界時尚潮流的球星，如英國足球運動員大衛·貝克漢，他的精準的傳球與能夠直接破門的自由球功夫雖然是他出名的最主要因素，但由於外表英俊，他在世界各地擁有著不少專門追星的「明星迷」追隨者，引領髮型潮流。小貝還接拍了兩部電影《一球成名》和《我愛貝克漢姆》（《像貝克漢姆一樣出色》(Bend It Like Beckham)）。雖小貝轉戰美國，不過小貝稱自己對拍戲沒什麼天賦[1]，不會加入影城好萊塢。
[編輯] 球迷
狂热的球迷
狂熱的球迷
足球運動如此的受歡迎，與球迷的狂熱分不開。當有自己喜愛的球隊參加比賽時，足球迷會穿上球隊的服裝當場助威，甚至臉上塗上油彩。甚而有發生因為過分激動而死於看臺之上的例子。
然而，一些個別球迷的行徑導致暴力的發生，這些人被稱為足球流氓。他們的一些行為甚至造成了一些慘劇的發生。
[編輯] 足球題材的作品
[編輯] 電腦遊戲
* 勝利十一人（實況足球-Winning Eleven 10）
* FIFA系列（FIFA 2007）
* 足球經理人(Football Manager 2007)
* 冠軍足球經理(Championship Manager 2007)
[編輯] 電影
* 《七擒七縱七金剛》，以英格蘭足總盃配合盜金庫行動，由大衛尼雲主演。
* 《勝利大逃亡》（Escape to Victory），二戰戰俘藉一場球賽逃出集中營，由史泰龍主演，大量球星包括比利客串。
* 《一球成名》
* 《波牛》
* 《少林足球》
* 《疾風禁區》
* 《我愛碧咸》（像貝克漢姆一樣踢球），講述一名視大衛碧咸為偶像的印度女孩，生活在英國曼徹斯特的故事。
[編輯] 電視劇
* 《功夫足球》
[編輯] 動漫
* 《足球小將》
* 《哨聲響起》
* 《我們的足球場》
[編輯] 參見
* 美式足球
* 室內足球
* 沙灘足球
* 女子足球
* 足球俱樂部列表
* 國家足球隊列表
* 足球協會列表
* 足球運動員列表
* 傷停時間
* 足球位置
* 烏龍球
* 五人制足球
[編輯] 參考文獻
* 《足球史》[英]亨特·戴維斯 著，希望出版社，ISBN：7 5379 3471 1
1. ↑ 《體育博物館》，當代博物館叢書，河南教育出版社，1995年，38-46 ISBN 7534713889
2. ↑ 「Association Football」之簡稱。
3. ↑ Dr. Wilfried Gerhardt, More than 2000 Years of Football, FIFA
4. ↑ FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide，3 April 2001，FIFA
Best soccer goals FIFA
The International Federation of Association Football (French: Fédération Internationale de Football Association), commonly known by its acronym, FIFA, is the international governing body of association football. Its headquarters are in Zürich, Switzerland, and its current president is Joseph Blatter. FIFA is responsible for the organization and governance of football's major international tournaments, most notably the FIFA World Cup, held since 1930.
FIFA has 208 member associations, which is 16 more than the United Nations.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
* 2 Other tournaments
* 3 Laws of the game
* 4 Structure
* 5 Recognitions and awards
* 6 Governance and Game development
* 7 Commercial activities
* 8 Allegations of financial irregularities
* 9 Further reading
* 10 References
* 11 External links
[edit] History
Main article: History of FIFA
The need for a single body to oversee the worldwide game became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. FIFA was founded in Paris on May 21, 1904 — the French name and acronym persist to this day, even outside French-speaking countries. Its first president was Robert Guérin.
FIFA presided over its first international competition in 1906, but this met with little approval or success. This, in combination with economic factors, led to the swift replacement of Guérin with Daniel Burley Woolfall from England, by now a member association. The next tournament staged, the football competition for the 1908 Olympics in London was more successful, despite the presence of professional footballers, contrary to the founding principles of FIFA.
Membership of FIFA expanded beyond Europe with the application of South Africa in 1909, Argentina and Chile in 1912, and Canada and the United States in 1913.
FIFA however floundered during World War I with many players sent off to war and the possibility of travel for international fixtures severely limited. Post-war, following the death of Woolfall, the organisation fell into the hands of Dutchman Carl Hirschmann. It was saved from extinction, but at the cost of the withdrawal of the Home Nations, who cited an unwillingness to participate in international competitions with their recent World War enemies. The Home Nations later resumed their membership.
The FIFA collection is held by the National Football Museum in England.
In 2007 a rule was passed that no international matches would be played in stadiums located more than 2,500 metres above sea level. There has been controversy amongst the federations, especially within CONMEBOL (South America), as the national capitals of three of its 10 members lie above 2,500 metres—Bogotá (2,640 m), Quito (2,800 m) and La Paz (3,600 m). FIFA eventually backed away from this proposal.
[edit] Other tournaments
Aside from the World Cup and Olympic competitions, FIFA organises World Championships for players at under-17 level and under-20 level. Also, there will be a new under-15 level starting soon. In addition to this, it has introduced the Confederations Cup, a competition for the champions from each confederation (plus the hosts and World Cup Winners), every four years. Originally organised by, and held in, Saudi Arabia at two year intervals as the King Fahd Cup, it now serves as a prelude to the World Cup, with the World Cup host staging the tournament as a test of facilities. The current Confederations Cup champions are Brazil who defeated Argentina 4-1 in Germany.
With the development of the women's game, FIFA introduced the Women's World Cup in 1991 and the Women's Under-20 World Championship in 2002 (started as U-19, is now U-20 from 2006). An U-17 women's championship will start in 2008.
FIFA's only major club competition is the FIFA Club World Cup. It was started as a successor to the European/South American Cup (which itself ran under a variety of names) to include clubs from all confederations. The tournament was not warmly received on its debut in 2000 and its 2002 edition was cancelled. Three years later, with a shorter revised format, the tournament returned for its 2005 edition in Japan.
FIFA also presides over World Cups in modified forms of the game including beach football (the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup) and futsal (the FIFA Futsal World Championship).
[edit] Laws of the game
The laws of football that govern the game are not solely the responsibility of FIFA; they are maintained by a body called the International Football Association Board (IFAB). FIFA has a 50% representation on its board (four representatives); the other four are provided by the football associations of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (currently the United Kingdom), in recognition of their unique contribution to the creation and history of the game. Changes to the laws of the game must be agreed by at least six of the total eight delegates.
[edit] Structure
Map of the World with the six confederations.
Map of the World with the six confederations.
FIFA is an association established under the Laws of Switzerland. Its headquarters are in Zurich.
FIFA's supreme body is the FIFA Congress, an assembly made up of a representative from each affiliated national federation. The Congress assembles in ordinary session now once every year, and extraordinary sessions have been held once a year since 1998 & now as and when requested. Only the Congress can pass changes to FIFA's by-laws.
Congress elects the President of FIFA, its secretary-general and the other members of FIFA's Executive Committee. The President and secretary-general are the main officeholders of FIFA, and are in charge of its daily administration, carried out by the General Secretariat, with its staff of 207 members.
FIFA's Executive Committee, chaired by the President, is the main decision making body of the organization in the intervals of Congress. FIFA's worldwide organizational structure also consists of several other bodies, under authority of the Executive Committee or created by Congress as Standing Committees. Among those bodies are the Finance Committee, the Disciplinary Committee, the Referee's Committee, etc.
Aside from its worldwide institutions (presidency, Executive Board, Congress, etc.) FIFA has created confederations which oversee the game in the different continents and regions of the world. National federations, and not the continental Confederations, are members of FIFA. The continental Confederations are provided for in FIFA's by-laws. National federations must claim membership to both FIFA and the confederation in which their nation is geographically resident for their teams to qualify for entry to FIFA's competitions (with a few geographic exceptions listed below):
AFC - Asian Football Confederation in Asia and Australia
CAF - Confédération Africaine de Football in Africa
CONCACAF - Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football in North America and Central America
CONMEBOL - Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol in South America
OFC - Oceania Football Confederation in Oceania
UEFA - Union Européene de Football Association in Europe.
Nations straddling the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia have generally had their choice of confederation. As a result, a number of transcontinental nations including Russia, Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan have chosen to become part of UEFA despite the bulk of their land area being in Asia. Israel, although lying entirely within Asia, joined UEFA in 1994, after decades of isolation by many of its Middle Eastern neighbours. Kazakhstan moved from AFC to UEFA in 2002. Australia was the latest to move from OFC to AFC in January 2006.
Guyana and Suriname have always been CONCACAF members despite being South American countries.
No team from the OFC is offered automatic qualification to the World Cup. In recent World Cup qualifying cycles, the winner of their section had to play a play-off against a CONMEBOL side, a hurdle at which Australia have traditionally fallen. Perhaps ironically, Australia successfully qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup by winning just such a playoff in a penalty shootout against Uruguay, just a few months after the clearance to move was granted. Initially, the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification cycle was planned to provide the winner of OFC qualifying with a place in the final AFC qualification group, but this was scrapped in favour of a playoff between the OFC winner and an AFC team for a World Cup place.
In total, FIFA recognises 208 national federations and their associated men's national teams as well as 129 women's national teams; see the list of national football teams and their respective country codes. Curiously, FIFA has more member states than the United Nations, as FIFA recognises several non-sovereign entities as distinct nations, most notably the four Home Nations within the United Kingdom. The FIFA World Rankings are updated monthly and rank each team based on their performance in international competitions, qualifiers, and friendly matches. There is also a world ranking for women's football, updated four times a year.
[edit] Recognitions and awards
FIFA awards, each year, the title of FIFA World Player of the Year to the most prestigious player of the year, as part of its annual awards ceremony which also recognises team and international football achievements.
As part of its centennial celebrations in 2004, FIFA organised a "Match of the Century" between France and Brazil, the most successful national teams of the last decade. In addition, it commissioned arguably the most famous player ever, Pelé, to produce a list of the greatest players of all time. This list, the FIFA 100, included 50 players who were still actively playing at the time of publication (one of whom was female), and 75 retired players (including himself and one woman, but not including deceased players). The list was originally planned to be just 100 players long but Pelé is understood to have found it too hard to choose just 100 and so the list actually names 125 players.
[edit] Governance and Game development
It has been suggested that The F.I.F.A. 2 be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)
FIFA is an unusually proactive sports governing body, which frequently takes active roles in ensuring the proper running of the sport and developing the game around the world. One of its unique policies is to suspend teams and associate members from international competition for political interference (when a government interferes in the running of FIFA's associate member organisations) or if the associate is not functioning properly.
A recent high-profile suspension was of the Greek Football Federation for political interference. [1] Another recent suspension was on the Kenya Football Federation because it was not running the game in Kenya properly. [2]
The Asia wing of FIFA, the AFC is soon to force 22 leading associations in Asia to increase transparency, competition, quality training and a proper league structure with relegation, promotion and a 2nd division. Suspension will be imposed on any associate which doesn't co-operate with the reform outlines. Notably, one of the associations being targeted is that of Australia, a country whose professional sports leagues are all organised on the North American model of franchised teams and closed league membership. [3]
FIFA attempted to address the issue of extreme altitude in May 2007, ruling that no future international matches could be played at an altitude over 2500 m (8200 ft).[1] This would most notably have affected the national teams of Andean countries. Under this proposal, Bolivia would no longer be able to play international matches in La Paz (3600 m), Ecuador would be unable to play in Quito (2800 m), and Colombia could no longer play in Bogotá (2640 m). However, FIFA soon backed away from the proposal under political pressure from the CONMEBOL countries, first extending the maximum altitude to 2800 m (9190 ft) in June 2007, which made Bogotá and Quito viable international venues once again, and then waiving the restriction for La Paz in July 2007.[2]
[edit] Commercial activities
FIFA announced in April 2004 that it is expecting to earn $144 million profit on $1.64 billion in revenue between 2003 and 2006 (the 4 year cycle including the 2006 World Cup).
FIFA has licensed its name and copyrighted content to computer game designer EA Sports to provide a number of football simulation games for the PC and various game consoles. A new installment in this FIFA series of games is introduced each year, and additional versions are released with World Cup branding to coincide with these tournaments. 2005 saw an additional "urban football" video game franchise, FIFA Street and its sequel FIFA Street 2. In August 2006 EA and FIFA announced that they would be extending their exclusive deal for another four years, covering the 2010/11 season.[3]
[edit] Allegations of financial irregularities
In May 2006 British investigative reporter Andrew Jennings' book Foul (Harper Collins) caused controversy within the football world by detailing an alleged international cash-for-contracts scandal following the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner ISL, and revealed how some football officials have been urged to secretly repay the sweeteners they received. The book also exposed the vote-rigging that went on behind closed doors in the fight for Sepp Blatter's continued control of FIFA.
Nearly simultaneous with the release of Foul was a BBC television expose by Jennings and BBC producer Roger Corke for the BBC news programme Panorama. In this hour-long programme screened on June 11, 2006, Jennings and the Panorama team submit that Sepp Blatter is being investigated by Swiss police over his role in a secret deal to repay more than £1m worth of bribes pocketed by football officials.
All testimonies offered in the Panorama expose were done via disguise of voice, person, or both, save one; Mel Brennan, a university professor in the United States, former Head of Special Projects for CONCACAF and a FIFA delegate, became the first high-level football insider to go public with substantial allegations of greed, corruption, nonfeasance and malfeasance by CONCACAF and FIFA leadership. His book, The Apprentice: Tragicomic Times Among the Men Running - and Ruining - World Football is due out in late 2007.
The hiring of Paul Gillon as PA to Sepp Blatter was the shortest in history as he was hired and fired on the same day.
[edit] Further reading
* Paul Darby, Africa, Football and Fifa: Politics, Colonialism and Resistance (Sport in the Global Society), Frank Cass Publishers 2002, ISBN 0-7146-8029-X
* John Sugden, FIFA and the Contest For World Football, Polity Press 1998, ISBN 0-7456-1661-5
* Women's Soccer: The Game and the Fifa World Cup, ed. by Jim Trecker Charles Miers, Universe 2000, Revised Edition, ISBN 0-7893-0527-5
[edit] References
1. ^ Focus on 57th FIFA Congress. FIFA (2007-05-27). Retrieved on 2007-06-13.
2. ^ "Blatter will waive La Paz altitude ban", 'Sports Illustrated', 2007-07-06. Retrieved on 2007-07-15.
3. ^ FIFA & EA For Another Four Years - TotalGaming.net news, 14 August 2006
咁好的腳法真係第一次見
Association football, commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each. It is widely considered to be the most popular sport in the world.[1] Football is a ball game played on a rectangular grass or artificial turf field, with a goal at each of the short ends. The object of the game is to score by manoeuvring the ball into the opposing goal. In general play, the goalkeeper is the only player allowed to use their hands or arms to propel the ball; the rest of the team usually use their feet to kick the ball into position, while they may also occasionally use their torso or head to intercept a ball in mid air. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout, depending on the format of the competition.
The modern game was codified in England following the formation of the Football Association, whose 1863 Laws of the Game created the foundations for the way the sport is played today. Football is governed internationally by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (International Federation of Association Football), which is commonly known by the acronym FIFA. The most prestigious international football competition is the World Cup, held every four years. This event, the most widely viewed and famous in the world, boasts an audience twice that of the Summer Olympics.[2]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Nature of the game
* 2 History and development
* 3 Laws of the game
o 3.1 Players, equipment and officials
o 3.2 Pitch
o 3.3 Duration and tie-breaking methods
o 3.4 Ball in and out of play
o 3.5 Fouls and misconduct
* 4 Governing bodies
* 5 Major international competitions
* 6 Domestic competitions
* 7 Names of the game
* 8 References
* 9 See also
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links
Nature of the game
Football is played in accordance with a set of rules, known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a single round ball (the football) and two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal, thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals, then the game is a draw. There are exceptions to this rule, however; see Duration and tie-breaking methods below.
The primary rule is that the players (other than the goalkeepers) may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play (though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart). Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their bodies other than their hands or arms.
In typical game play, players attempt to propel the ball toward their opponents' goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent who controls the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is limited. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play, or when play is stopped by the referee. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.
At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, during the English 2005–06 season of the FA Premier League, an average of 2.48 goals per match were scored.[3]
The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but a number of player specialisations have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball in order to pass it to the forwards; players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, in order to discern them from the single goalkeeper. These positions are further differentiated by which side of the field the player spends most time in. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in these positions in any combination (for example, there may be four defenders, four midfielders, and two forwards, or three defenders, three midfielders, and four forwards), and the number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders would create a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse would create a slower, more defensive style of play. While players may spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of the players on the pitch is called the team's formation, and defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.
History and development
See also: Football and History of football (soccer)
Map showing the popularity of football around the world. Countries where football is the most popular sport are coloured green, while countries where it is not are coloured red. The various shades of green and red indicate the number of players per 1,000 inhabitants.
Map showing the popularity of football around the world. Countries where football is the most popular sport are coloured green, while countries where it is not are coloured red. The various shades of green and red indicate the number of players per 1,000 inhabitants.
Games revolving around the kicking of a ball have been played in many countries throughout history. According to FIFA, the "very earliest form of the game for which there is scientific evidence was an exercise of precisely this skilful technique dating back to the 2nd and 3rd centuries B.C. in China (the game of Cuju)."[4] In addition, the Roman game Harpastum may be a distant ancestor of football. Various forms of football were played in medieval Europe, though rules varied greatly by both period and location.
Whilst football has continued to be played in various forms throughout the United Kingdom, the English public schools (fee-paying schools) are widely credited with certain key achievements in the creation of modern football (association football and the rugby football games — rugby league and rugby union football). During the sixteenth century English public schools generally, and headmaster Richard Mulcaster in particular, were instrumental in taking football away from its violent "mob" form and turning it into an organised team sport that was beneficial to schoolboys. Thereafter, the game became institutionalised, regulated, and part of a larger, more central tradition. Many early descriptions of football and references to it (e.g., in poetry) were recorded by people who had studied at these schools, showing they were familiar with the game. Finally, in the 19th century, teachers and former students were the first to write down formal rules of early modern football to enable matches to be played between schools.
The rules of football as they are codified today are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played at the public schools of England. The first ever set of football rules were written at Eton College in 1815. The Cambridge Rules were a code of football rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, which have influenced the development of Association football and subsequent codes.
The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1848, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools, but they were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club (formed by former pupils from Harrow) in 1857, which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.[5]
These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863 which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemason's Tavern in Great Queen Street, London.[6] The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for the running with the ball in hand and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby football clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, or subsequently left the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game. These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.
The laws of the game are currently determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886[7] after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match took place in 1872 between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is home to the world's first football league, which was founded in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor.[8] The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and the North of England. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association.[9] The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board currently consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.
Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world, and millions of people regularly go to football stadia to follow their favourite teams,[10] whilst billions more watch the game on television.[11] A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA and published in the spring of 2001, over 240 million people regularly play football in more than 200 countries in every part of the world.[12] Its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements have no doubt aided its spread and growth in popularity.
In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations; it is therefore often claimed to be the most popular sport in the world. ESPN has spread the claim that the Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2005. By contrast, however, football is widely considered to be the final proximate cause in the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras. The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade devolved into rioting in March 1990.[13]
Laws of the game
Football is popular among children as well as adults.
Football is popular among children as well as adults.
There are seventeen laws in the official Laws of the Game. The same Laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors or women are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football. The laws can be found on the official FIFA website.[14]
Players, equipment and officials
See also: Football (soccer) positions, Formation (football), and kit (football)
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team; this is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, but they are only allowed to do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.
The basic equipment (kit) players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player (including jewellery or watches). The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.
A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the number permitted may be varied in other leagues or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or as a defensive ploy to use up a little time at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in the match.
A game is officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees. In many high-level games there is also a fourth official (and in the world cup a fifth official), who assist(s) the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.
Pitch
Standard pitch measurements (See Imperial version)
Standard pitch measurements (See Imperial version)
Main article: Football pitch
Due to the original formulation of the Laws in England and the early supremacy of the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch, or field, were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use traditional units in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrification [citation needed].
The length of the pitch specified for international adult matches is in the range 100–110 metres (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range 64–75 metres (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 100–130 yards length and 50–100 yards in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. The longer boundary lines are touchlines or sidelines, while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are goal lines. On the goal line at each end of the field a rectangular goal is centred. The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 8 yards (7.32 m) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 8 feet (2.44 m) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws.
In front of each goal is an area of the field known as the penalty area (colloquially "18-yard box" or simply "the box"). This area is marked by the goal-line, two lines starting on the goal-line 18 yards (16.5 m) from the goalposts and extending 18 yards (16 m) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal-line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penal foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. The field has various other markings and defined areas.
Duration and tie-breaking methods
A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play; the referee does, however, make allowance for time lost through significant stoppages as described below. There is usually a 15-minute "half-time" break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time.
The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, and is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add, and the fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee.
In league competitions games may end in a draw, but in some knockout competitions if a game is tied at the end of regulation time it may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).
Competitions held over two legs (in which each team plays at home once) may use the away goals rule to attempt to determine which team progresses in the event of equal aggregate scores. If the result is still equal following this calculation kicks from the penalty mark are usually required, though some competitions may require a tied game to be replayed.
In the late 1990s, the IFAB experimented with ways of making matches more likely to end without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 (France) and 2002 (Japan-South Korea). The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. In Euro 1996, Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004 (Portugal). Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.
Ball in and out of play
Main article: Ball in and out of play
Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in play and ball out of play. From the beginning of each playing period with a kick-off (a set kick from the centre-spot by one team) until the end of the playing period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by the referee. When the ball becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play:
* Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play.
* Throw-in: when the ball has wholly crossed the touchline; awarded to opposing team to that which last touched the ball.
* Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by an attacker; awarded to defending team.
* Corner kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a defender; awarded to attacking team.
* Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal" fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution/send-off an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. A goal may not be scored directly from an indirect free kick.
* Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed "penal" fouls.
* Penalty kick: awarded to the fouled team following a foul usually punishable by a direct free kick but that has occurred within their opponent's penalty area.
* Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason (e.g., a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective). This restart is uncommon in adult games.
Fouls and misconduct
Players are cautioned with a yellow card, and sent off with a red card. Players are cautioned with a yellow card, and sent off with a red card.
Players are cautioned with a yellow card, and sent off with a red card.
A foul occurs when a player commits a specific offence listed in the Laws of the Game when the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are listed in Law 12. Handling the ball deliberately, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, are examples of "penal fouls", punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an indirect free kick.
A player scores a penalty kick given after an offence is committed inside the penalty box
A player scores a penalty kick given after an offence is committed inside the penalty box
The referee may punish a player or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or sending-off (red card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a sending-off. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. Non-players, such as managers and support staff, may be dismissed from the field and its surrounds by the referee if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.
Rather than stopping play, the referee may allow play to continue when its continuation will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed. This is known as "playing an advantage". The referee may "call back" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue within a short period of time, typically taken to be four to five seconds. Even if an offence is not penalised because the referee plays an advantage, the offender may still be sanctioned for any associated misconduct at the next stoppage of play.
The offside law effectively limits the ability of attacking players to remain forward (i.e. closer to the opponent's goal-line) of the ball, the second-to-last defending player (which can include the goalkeeper), and the half-way line.[15]
Governing bodies
The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer) is the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The FIFA headquarters are located in Zürich, Switzerland.
Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:
* Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
* Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)
* Central/North America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF; also known as The Football Confederation)
* Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
* Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
* South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)
The recognised various national associations (see football around the world) oversee football within their jurisdictions. These are affiliated both with FIFA directly and also with their respective continental confederations.
The Laws of the Game are not maintained by FIFA itself; rather they are maintained by the International Football Association Board.
Major international competitions
The major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA. This competition takes place over a four-year period. More than 190 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held every four years, now involves 32 national teams (increased in 1998 from the 24 of 1994) competing over a four-week period. The 2006 FIFA World Cup took place in Germany;[16] in 2010 it will be held in South Africa.
There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Prior to the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only,[17] however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics professionals have been permitted as well, albeit with certain restrictions which effectively prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team;[18] but that practice will cease in the 2008 Olympics. The Olympic competition is not generally considered to carry the same international significance and prestige as the World Cup. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, the women's Olympic tournament is played by full international sides without age restrictions. It thus carries international prestige considered comparable to that of the FIFA Women's World Cup.
After the World Cup, the most important football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). Two of the most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores de América in South America. The most prestigious competition until 2005 was the Intercontinental Cup which was contested by the winner club of the European Champions League cup and the winner of the Copa Libertadores. This was a single match played in Tokyo, Japan and went from 1980 until 2004. This was also known as the Toyota Cup. Due to the growing number of audience and interest of people from Africa, North America and Asia, this "cup" was replaced in 2005 by the FIFA Club World Cup in which there is no single match, but a whole tournament between the winners of the six club championships of each FIFA confederation.
Domestic competitions
Main article: Football (soccer) around the world
The governing bodies in each country operate league systems, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the top team are declared to be the champions, and the top few teams may be promoted to a higher division; and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division. The teams finishing at the top of a country's league may be eligible also to play in international club competitions in the following season. The main exceptions to this system occur in some Latin American leagues, which divide football championships into two sections named Apertura and Clausura, awarding a champion for each.
In addition to a league system, most countries operate one or more cup competitions during the season. These are organised on a knock-out basis, the winner of each match proceeding to the next round; the loser takes no further part in the competition.
Some countries' top divisions feature highly-paid star players; in smaller countries and lower divisions, players may be part-timers with a second job, or amateurs. The five top European leagues - the Premier League, the Bundesliga, La Liga, Ligue 1 and Serie A - attract most of the world's best players. Historical restrictions on the number of foreign players in a club's team have been largely eliminated by the Bosman ruling.
Names of the game
See also: Names for football (soccer) and Football (word)
The rules of football were codified in England by the Football Association in 1863, and the name association football was coined to distinguish the game from the other forms of football played at the time, specifically rugby football. The term soccer first appeared in the 1880s as a slang abbreviation of Association football, often credited to Charles Wreford-Brown.[19]
Today the sport is known by a number of names throughout the English-speaking world, the most common being football and soccer. Although FIFA, the sport's world governing body, defines the sport they govern as Association football in their statutes,[20] the most commonly used term by that organisation and the International Olympic Committee is football.
For more details of naming throughout the world, please refer to the main articles above.
References
1. ^ Soccer Encarta. Retrieved on May 24, 2007.
2. ^ 2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage, FIFA official website. Retrieved on May 13, 2006.
3. ^ England Premiership (2005/2006). Sportpress. Retrieved on 5 June 2006.
4. ^ History of Football. FIFA. Retrieved on 20 November 2006.
5. ^ The hands-off approach to a man's game. The Times. Retrieved on 3 June 2006.
6. ^ History of the FA. Football Association website. Retrieved on February 19, 2006.
7. ^ The International FA Board. FIFA website. Retrieved on February 19, 2006.
8. ^ The History Of The Football League. Football League website. Retrieved on April 19, 2006.
9. ^ History of FIFA. FIFA website. Retrieved on 3 June 2006.
10. ^ Baseball or Football: which sport gets the higher attendance?, Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on 5 June 2006.
11. ^ 2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage, FIFA official website. Retrieved on 13 May 2006.
12. ^ FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide, FIFA official website. Retrieved on 5 June 2006.
13. ^ Daniel W. Drezner. "The Soccer Wars", The Washington Post, Sunday, June 4, 2006, p. B01.
14. ^ The Official web site of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved on 2006-04-19.
15. ^ The History of Offside. Julian Carosi. Retrieved on June 3, 2006.
16. ^ FIFA World Cup 2006. FIFA World Cup 2006 website. Retrieved on February 19, 2006.
17. ^ Where it all began FIFA official website. Retrieved on April 10, 2006.
18. ^ Football - An Olympic Sport since 1900. IOC website. Retrieved on June 5, 2006.
19. ^ The World's Most Beloved Sport - The History of Soccer. fussballportal.de. Retrieved on 3 June 2006.
20. ^ FIFA Statutes
只係喺屋企上網 online 就可以賺錢
誠意介紹你去看看這個網上工作。全球已有近百萬個網頁在談論它。因這公司的價值將會是天文數字，所以它真正能付費出糧給會員的可能性就不必懷疑了!
我一看過後立刻參加了。
我即時加入此網上公司的八大理由：
1.參加這個工作是完全免費的。(我是沒資金的)
2.不須登記信用卡。(若要信用卡，我是不會參加的，因怕被盜用)
3.繼yahoo/youtube後最熱網站。(全球好像已有近10,000,000人參加了)
4.超簡單工作。(自己沒太多時間)
5.每月有機會賺取數千美元及公司股份。(將在倫敦上市)
6.已有中文介面，說明更清晰。
7.完全合法，國際公司。
8.絕非傳銷。
這麼多優點，可信嗎？安全嗎？
我想不信白不信，既然不須花我半毛錢，亦無須登記信用卡，我又會有何損失呢？因此我便欣然參加了！你也來考慮考慮吧！
我一看過後立刻參加了。
我即時加入此網上公司的八大理由：
1.參加這個工作是完全免費的。(我是沒資金的)
2.不須登記信用卡。(若要信用卡，我是不會參加的，因怕被盜用)
3.繼yahoo/youtube後最熱網站。(全球好像已有近10,000,000人參加了)
4.超簡單工作。(自己沒太多時間)
5.每月有機會賺取數千美元及公司股份。(將在倫敦上市)
6.已有中文介面，說明更清晰。
7.完全合法，國際公司。
8.絕非傳銷。
這麼多優點，可信嗎？安全嗎？
我想不信白不信，既然不須花我半毛錢，亦無須登記信用卡，我又會有何損失呢？因此我便欣然參加了！你也來考慮考慮吧！
很了不起的足球守門員
Goalie Scores For Wrong Team - Brought to you by Break.com Video Search
守門員是足球隊、手球隊或曲棍球隊的角色，主要工作是在比賽中用身體各部分(如手、腳)或輔助工具（如曲棍球的球棍）阻止對方球員攻入己方的球門。
足球比賽是守門員唯一能用手觸球的球員，但只限在禁區內，否則被視為犯規。守門員比賽服裝須與己方球員不同，以便分辨身分。毫無疑問，守門員是場上承受壓力最大、也是最關鍵的位置。所有隊員都可以出現錯誤，惟獨守門員的失誤可導致比賽失利。對守門員的信任感是建立在避免出現失誤和驚險撲救的基礎之上。優秀守門員應不被失誤所困擾，並從中吸取經驗教訓。一次失誤或一次驚險撲救，絕不是判斷守門員能力的唯一標準。但最基本要素是，必須身手敏捷、反應迅速，有判斷力及有良好的撲救技術。此外，彈跳力和高大的身材也是一個優勢。
目錄
[隱藏]
* 1 守門員的能力
* 2 教練員的角色
* 3 著名守門員
o 3.1 足球
[編輯] 守門員的能力
* 遺傳因素
遺傳因素非常重要，但是它必須與艱苦訓練、恰當的指導和豐富的比賽經歷相結合。很難界定遺傳因素的定義，但是觀察一名年輕守門員時，首先要注意他的接球動作和步伐移動。而對於其他位置的隊員，則重點觀察球感、控制能力和速度。接球技術是守門員的基本功，如果沒有正確判斷球速和接球的基本能力，要取得更大發展則十分困難。同樣，守門員具備正確的選位能力也極其重要。
* 競技能
優秀球員必須具有全身心地提高技能和在比賽中展現自我的能力。這種內驅力在守門員身上更易察覺——他是怎樣力保球門不失？守門員要想立於不敗之地，主要取決於他投入比賽的程度和充分展現自我的能力，以及最大限度地減少失誤。當然這還包括一定程度的自我評價。守門員能客觀地自我評價相當重要。
優秀守門員的另一個重要特徵是，他們能夠正確面對失誤造成的壓力。所有的守門員都會出現錯誤，但是優秀的守門員都有一種不被失誤催垮的自信的精神意志，也絕不許可一次失誤導致另一次失誤的出現。
* 洞察力
守門員常被視為最後一名防守隊員，因此他要負責整個後防線的安全。所以，洞察比賽的進程，對守門員非常重要，他應善於通過語言表達他的意圖。這種能力是區分守門員是自信、積極主動還是緊張、缺乏自信的重要標誌。
* 意志力
優秀的守門員須帶著威嚴和自信投入比賽，同時感染著場上的其他隊員。倘要少走彎路，積極、正確的比賽經驗是非常重要的。從理論上說，守門員不可能在理想的空間內比賽，如果要守門員全面開發潛能，對他的要求應要更具挑戰性。讓有培養前途的年輕隊員與比他們年齡更大的隊員一起比賽、訓練，是積累比賽經驗的好辦法。
[編輯] 教練員的角色
有洞察力的教練員能夠準確識辨守門員的比賽表現，並在訓練中設計情景訓練。進一步說，情景訓練可以幫助守門員正確認識比賽和正確解決比賽中遇到的問題。守門員訓練應遵循這一原則，並根據守門員的情況不斷調整。這樣才可以不斷提高守門員的自信心和競技能力。
由於足球運動在不斷變化、不斷發展，因此，對運動員的要求也應隨之變化。對教練員而言，緊隨時代步伐，迎接現代足球的挑戰是至關重要的。在過去的十年裡，守門員的能力發展是最快的。但總而言之，運用正確的基本技術、培養果斷準確的判斷能力，是通往成功的關鍵所在。
[編輯] 著名守門員
[編輯] 足球
* 耶辛 (Yve Yassin，蘇聯)
* 保方 (Gianluigi Buffon，義大利)
* 佐夫 (Dino Zoff，義大利)
* 卡恩 (Oliver Kahn，德國)
* 卡斯拿斯 (Íker Casillas Fernández，西班牙)
* 施治 (Petr Čech，捷克)
世上最優美的足球守門員
Amazing Soccer Goal Save - Click Here for more great videos and pictures!
守門員是足球隊、手球隊或曲棍球隊的角色，主要工作是在比賽中用身體各部分(如手、腳)或輔助工具（如曲棍球的球棍）阻止對方球員攻入己方的球門。
足球比賽是守門員唯一能用手觸球的球員，但只限在禁區內，否則被視為犯規。守門員比賽服裝須與己方球員不同，以便分辨身分。毫無疑問，守門員是場上承受壓力最大、也是最關鍵的位置。所有隊員都可以出現錯誤，惟獨守門員的失誤可導致比賽失利。對守門員的信任感是建立在避免出現失誤和驚險撲救的基礎之上。優秀守門員應不被失誤所困擾，並從中吸取經驗教訓。一次失誤或一次驚險撲救，絕不是判斷守門員能力的唯一標準。但最基本要素是，必須身手敏捷、反應迅速，有判斷力及有良好的撲救技術。此外，彈跳力和高大的身材也是一個優勢。
目錄
[隱藏]
* 1 守門員的能力
* 2 教練員的角色
* 3 著名守門員
o 3.1 足球
[編輯] 守門員的能力
* 遺傳因素
遺傳因素非常重要，但是它必須與艱苦訓練、恰當的指導和豐富的比賽經歷相結合。很難界定遺傳因素的定義，但是觀察一名年輕守門員時，首先要注意他的接球動作和步伐移動。而對於其他位置的隊員，則重點觀察球感、控制能力和速度。接球技術是守門員的基本功，如果沒有正確判斷球速和接球的基本能力，要取得更大發展則十分困難。同樣，守門員具備正確的選位能力也極其重要。
* 競技能
優秀球員必須具有全身心地提高技能和在比賽中展現自我的能力。這種內驅力在守門員身上更易察覺——他是怎樣力保球門不失？守門員要想立於不敗之地，主要取決於他投入比賽的程度和充分展現自我的能力，以及最大限度地減少失誤。當然這還包括一定程度的自我評價。守門員能客觀地自我評價相當重要。
優秀守門員的另一個重要特徵是，他們能夠正確面對失誤造成的壓力。所有的守門員都會出現錯誤，但是優秀的守門員都有一種不被失誤催垮的自信的精神意志，也絕不許可一次失誤導致另一次失誤的出現。
* 洞察力
守門員常被視為最後一名防守隊員，因此他要負責整個後防線的安全。所以，洞察比賽的進程，對守門員非常重要，他應善於通過語言表達他的意圖。這種能力是區分守門員是自信、積極主動還是緊張、缺乏自信的重要標誌。
* 意志力
優秀的守門員須帶著威嚴和自信投入比賽，同時感染著場上的其他隊員。倘要少走彎路，積極、正確的比賽經驗是非常重要的。從理論上說，守門員不可能在理想的空間內比賽，如果要守門員全面開發潛能，對他的要求應要更具挑戰性。讓有培養前途的年輕隊員與比他們年齡更大的隊員一起比賽、訓練，是積累比賽經驗的好辦法。
[編輯] 教練員的角色
有洞察力的教練員能夠準確識辨守門員的比賽表現，並在訓練中設計情景訓練。進一步說，情景訓練可以幫助守門員正確認識比賽和正確解決比賽中遇到的問題。守門員訓練應遵循這一原則，並根據守門員的情況不斷調整。這樣才可以不斷提高守門員的自信心和競技能力。
由於足球運動在不斷變化、不斷發展，因此，對運動員的要求也應隨之變化。對教練員而言，緊隨時代步伐，迎接現代足球的挑戰是至關重要的。在過去的十年裡，守門員的能力發展是最快的。但總而言之，運用正確的基本技術、培養果斷準確的判斷能力，是通往成功的關鍵所在。
[編輯] 著名守門員
[編輯] 足球
* 耶辛 (Yve Yassin，蘇聯)
* 保方 (Gianluigi Buffon，義大利)
* 佐夫 (Dino Zoff，義大利)
* 卡恩 (Oliver Kahn，德國)
* 卡斯拿斯 (Íker Casillas Fernández，西班牙)
* 施治 (Petr Čech，捷克)
世上最優美的足球守門員
Amazing Soccer Goal Save - Click Here for more great videos and pictures!
守門員是足球隊、手球隊或曲棍球隊的角色，主要工作是在比賽中用身體各部分(如手、腳)或輔助工具（如曲棍球的球棍）阻止對方球員攻入己方的球門。
足球比賽是守門員唯一能用手觸球的球員，但只限在禁區內，否則被視為犯規。守門員比賽服裝須與己方球員不同，以便分辨身分。毫無疑問，守門員是場上承受壓力最大、也是最關鍵的位置。所有隊員都可以出現錯誤，惟獨守門員的失誤可導致比賽失利。對守門員的信任感是建立在避免出現失誤和驚險撲救的基礎之上。優秀守門員應不被失誤所困擾，並從中吸取經驗教訓。一次失誤或一次驚險撲救，絕不是判斷守門員能力的唯一標準。但最基本要素是，必須身手敏捷、反應迅速，有判斷力及有良好的撲救技術。此外，彈跳力和高大的身材也是一個優勢。
目錄
[隱藏]
* 1 守門員的能力
* 2 教練員的角色
* 3 著名守門員
o 3.1 足球
[編輯] 守門員的能力
* 遺傳因素
遺傳因素非常重要，但是它必須與艱苦訓練、恰當的指導和豐富的比賽經歷相結合。很難界定遺傳因素的定義，但是觀察一名年輕守門員時，首先要注意他的接球動作和步伐移動。而對於其他位置的隊員，則重點觀察球感、控制能力和速度。接球技術是守門員的基本功，如果沒有正確判斷球速和接球的基本能力，要取得更大發展則十分困難。同樣，守門員具備正確的選位能力也極其重要。
* 競技能
優秀球員必須具有全身心地提高技能和在比賽中展現自我的能力。這種內驅力在守門員身上更易察覺——他是怎樣力保球門不失？守門員要想立於不敗之地，主要取決於他投入比賽的程度和充分展現自我的能力，以及最大限度地減少失誤。當然這還包括一定程度的自我評價。守門員能客觀地自我評價相當重要。
優秀守門員的另一個重要特徵是，他們能夠正確面對失誤造成的壓力。所有的守門員都會出現錯誤，但是優秀的守門員都有一種不被失誤催垮的自信的精神意志，也絕不許可一次失誤導致另一次失誤的出現。
* 洞察力
守門員常被視為最後一名防守隊員，因此他要負責整個後防線的安全。所以，洞察比賽的進程，對守門員非常重要，他應善於通過語言表達他的意圖。這種能力是區分守門員是自信、積極主動還是緊張、缺乏自信的重要標誌。
* 意志力
優秀的守門員須帶著威嚴和自信投入比賽，同時感染著場上的其他隊員。倘要少走彎路，積極、正確的比賽經驗是非常重要的。從理論上說，守門員不可能在理想的空間內比賽，如果要守門員全面開發潛能，對他的要求應要更具挑戰性。讓有培養前途的年輕隊員與比他們年齡更大的隊員一起比賽、訓練，是積累比賽經驗的好辦法。
[編輯] 教練員的角色
有洞察力的教練員能夠準確識辨守門員的比賽表現，並在訓練中設計情景訓練。進一步說，情景訓練可以幫助守門員正確認識比賽和正確解決比賽中遇到的問題。守門員訓練應遵循這一原則，並根據守門員的情況不斷調整。這樣才可以不斷提高守門員的自信心和競技能力。
由於足球運動在不斷變化、不斷發展，因此，對運動員的要求也應隨之變化。對教練員而言，緊隨時代步伐，迎接現代足球的挑戰是至關重要的。在過去的十年裡，守門員的能力發展是最快的。但總而言之，運用正確的基本技術、培養果斷準確的判斷能力，是通往成功的關鍵所在。
[編輯] 著名守門員
[編輯] 足球
* 耶辛 (Yve Yassin，蘇聯)
* 保方 (Gianluigi Buffon，義大利)
* 佐夫 (Dino Zoff，義大利)
* 卡恩 (Oliver Kahn，德國)
* 卡斯拿斯 (Íker Casillas Fernández，西班牙)
* 施治 (Petr Čech，捷克)
馬納當拿 VS 美斯
他的足球足技好厲害呀！
迪亞哥·阿曼多·馬拉度納（Diego Armando Maradona，1960年10月30日－）是一位前阿根廷足球運動員，被認為足球史上最優秀亦是最具爭議的球員之一。馬拉度納可以踢前場任何位置，用左腳踢球，其盤帶技術和射門技術皆是頂級水準。
在他1976年到1994年的職業球員生涯中，馬拉度納先後加入小阿根廷人、阿根廷小保加、西班牙巴塞隆納、義大利拿坡里、西班牙塞維利亞、阿根廷紐維爾斯老男孩、阿根廷小保加。曾獲得過阿根廷聯賽冠軍、義大利甲級聯賽冠軍、歐洲聯盟杯冠軍。在阿根廷國家隊效力的（1977年-1994年）17年裡，他還獲得過世界盃冠軍和世界青年足球錦標賽冠軍。2001年，他被國際足協評為「20世紀最佳球員」。
目錄
[隱藏]
* 1 生平
o 1.1 足球生涯
+ 1.1.1 青年時期
+ 1.1.2 事業頂峰
+ 1.1.3 高峰消落
* 2 退役後
[編輯] 生平
[編輯] 足球生涯
[編輯] 青年時期
馬拉度納在1960年10月30日出生在阿根廷首都布宜諾斯艾利斯的維拉-費奧里托區的一個貧困家庭。11歲時在小阿根廷人屬下的少年隊已經小有名氣，並曾上過電視。馬拉度納14歲已升入青年人俱樂部一隊，列入甲組聯賽比賽名單。在阿根廷青年人隊的5年裡，馬拉度納參賽166場入116球。1981年馬拉度納轉會小保加，又在40場比賽中入28球，並取得他人生第一個聯賽錦標。
馬拉度納早於1976年便在對匈牙利賽事中首次代表阿根廷國家足球隊。18歲時他替阿根廷以3-1贏蘇聯奪得世青盃冠軍，並獲得賽事的最佳球員獎。1982年馬拉度納首次出戰世界盃決賽周。於首圏以0-1敗於比利時，即使及後擊敗匈牙利和薩爾瓦多出線，但在次圈以1-2敗於該屆的冠軍義大利和以1-3敗於巴西腳下。在對巴西的賽事，馬拉度納因踢對方的球員被趕離場。
[編輯] 事業頂峰
同年夏天馬拉度納正式遠赴歐洲，加盟西甲豪門巴塞隆納。期間馬拉度納於1983年帶領巴塞擊敗皇家馬德里奪得西班牙國王盃。雖然在效力巴塞期間馬拉度納上陣58場入38球，但他在巴塞羅那卻過得並不順利。1982年底患上肝炎休養了3個月；1983年9月24日，他在與畢爾包的比賽中被對方剷斷了腿，差點弄至提早掛靴，幸好14週內便傷癒復出。
因為巴塞並不滿意馬拉度納，故於1984年把他賣給了意甲的拿坡里。自此馬拉度納開始了他球員生涯的高峰，不但在1986-87年和1989-90年球季贏得意甲聯賽冠軍，他還贏得義大利盃（1987年）、歐洲足協盃（1989年）和義大利超級盃（1990年）。同時拿坡里亦兩次奪得意甲聯賽亞軍（1987-88、1988-89）。
馬拉度納在拿坡里表現出了一個偉大的前場靈魂的一切天才。他獲得兩次意甲金靴，並留下數量眾多的精彩進球和無數的精彩盤帶。
這段期間馬拉度納在國際賽的成績亦相當驕人，1986年馬拉度納帶領阿根廷出戰1986年世界盃，一路帶領阿根廷打進決賽贏得獎盃。整個大賽馬拉度納都表現出他的重要性，故賽後亦被廣泛認為他是該屆最出色的球員。他在半準決賽對英格蘭 所攻入的兩球，更奠定了他傳奇的一生。從慢鏡重播中可見他所進的得一球是用手打進龍門的，後來他辯稱這是「上帝之手」，並且把進球說成是上帝的手，馬拉度納的頭」（A little of the hand of God, and a little of the head of Maradona），引申上帝是進球與否的最終主宰，因為球證誤判他的進球有效。然而在2005年8月22日，馬拉度納他在一個電視節目中說他是故意用手把球打進，而且隨即知道進球將會被判無效。據他回憶，當他進球後立即想到:「我在等候我的隊友來擁抱我，但沒有人來……我對他們說：『來抱我，不然裁判就會判進球無效。』」而第二個進球則被評選為世界盃歷史上的最佳進球。也因為這兩個進球，馬拉度納被稱為「一半天使，一半魔鬼」。
馬勒當拿(2006年)
馬拉度納(2006年)
相反，馬拉度納的第二個進球則把他的足球技術發揮得淋漓盡致。他持球走了半個球場，盤扭過六個英格蘭球員，分別為格連荷杜（Glenn Hoddle）、彼得·列特（Peter Reid）、森臣（Kenny Sansom）、畢查（Terry Butcher）、芬維克（Terry Fenwick）和守門員施路頓。這個進球在2002年國際足協舉行的網上選舉更被選為世紀最佳進球。阿根廷最終以2-1把英格蘭淘汰出局。這兩個進球被英國的第四電視頻道在2002年的「100大運動時刻」（100 Greatest Sporting Moments）中選為第六位。
其後他在準決賽對比利時的賽事中有入了兩球奇蹟般的進球。在決賽西德隊用兩人的盯人戰術以凍結馬拉度納，但他依然找到機會以一個不可思議的傳球直接助攻豪·布魯查加射入致勝的一球。
[編輯] 高峰消落
隨著年紀漸大，馬拉度納的表現亦慢慢走下坡，1990年世界盃擔任了阿根廷的隊長，帶領球隊進入決賽，但以0比1敗給前西德。1992年馬拉度納離開開創他人生高峰的拿坡里，轉投西班牙小球會塞維利亞，一年後再回到阿根廷球會效力。在1994年世界盃，雖然馬拉度納參加了兩場賽事並入了一球，但後來他對禁藥麻黃素的藥物檢測呈陽性反應，被判罰停賽15個月，結果阿根廷最終被在十六強被淘汰出局。1997年馬拉度納最終宣佈掛靴，結束其璀璨的球員生涯。
[編輯] 退役後
馬勒當拿與阿根廷總統内斯托尔·基什内尔
馬拉度納與阿根廷總統內斯托爾·基什內爾
馬拉度納被認為是二十世紀最偉大的足球運動員，他不僅擁有南美球員精準的腳法和極其嫻熟的帶球技術，大局觀也非常出色，在任何一支球隊，他都是絕對靈魂，可以將球隊整體盤活。可惜馬拉度納在個人行為和私生活方面皆受到非議。如有傳他早在效力巴塞時曾染上毒癮，而這亦被指為遭巴塞開除的原因。1994 年世界盃時亦被驗出服食禁藥遭停賽，事後他亦不斷上電視為自己辯護。
退役後馬拉度納主要都是從事足球推廣活動工作為主，雖並無參與任何教練工作，但普遍被國內後輩視為學習的對象。2004年4月18日，他因吸食過量毒品古柯鹼而需要入院，當時一度病危，後情況好轉，於同月29日出院，並在古巴總統菲德爾·卡斯楚的邀請下前往哈瓦那進行戒毒。事後世界各媒體都對他需要戒毒而感到震驚和惋惜，但無損他在足壇上的影響力。2006年世界盃在德國舉行，馬拉度納一直都前來為阿根廷國家隊後輩打氣。不久馬拉度納更公開聲稱要執掌阿根廷國家隊，但最後都沒有成事。
維基共享資源中相關的多媒體資源：
Diego Maradona
前任：
馬利奧·肯佩斯 南美足球先生
1979, 1980 繼任：
薛高
前任：
米高·柏天尼 世界足球先生
1986 繼任：
古烈治
前任：
索夫
(義大利) 世界盃足球賽
冠軍隊 隊長
1986 繼任：
馬圖斯
(西德)
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